Evaluation of Latrines nearly finished

The evaluation of the latrines in Namawala is nearly done. Just some minor changes need to be done next week, the main tasks are finished.
We converted one compost latrine to a 2-stage septic tank, due to water infiltration in the wet season.
Several small changes were made: the floor was made even with cement (so that the washing water can flow out properly), toilet seats were replaced by a squat toilet (as most people obviously prefer a squat toilet), the tippy tap (to wash hands) was adjusted and repaired so that now all of them work again. Missing wire mesh for the vent pipes were added. For all of the latrines we made an information sheet so that people have the most important information laminated next to the door of the latrine. And several other small tasks.
But the most time-consuming and also the most important task was/is the communication with the owners and explaining them how to use the latrine and why to do so...

information sheet...

tippy tap working again!
explaining to the owner what is important when using the latrine.

Mzee Mtoa even painted the door and all the walls of his MSABI latrines, now it is definitely the nicest one of the eleven latrines so far.

Hopefully we will begin next week to build the first new 2-stage septic tank in Namawala, maybe even two at the same time. I am also planning to hire 1 or 2 other experienced builders from Namawala (apart from Issa) who can later be independently building latrines for MSABI.

I will keep you updated about the current status!

Mirco

Hi its Cai

This is my first blog entry. My name is Cai and I’m a Mechanical engineer from the UK here with thanks to EWB like Alison above. I carried out research on the rope pump during my penultimate and masters years of my degree, I have also worked on the rope pump in Malawi and back home outside of uni. I have therefore, unsurprisingly, been put in charge of rope pumps but also the drilling at MSABI. I have been here for a very hectic month now (I have no idea how Dale and Raphael did it with just one manager).

My second week here was spent with Maurus (our drilling supervisor) and Haji (one our most enthusiastic drillers) in Njombe on the other side of the mountains at the SHIPO training centre. There we learnt a very intriguing new drilling technique that is not only cheaper and faster but can drill to greater depths. The technique is called Baptiste Drilling but further work (and details for you) will have to wait as I am currently fully occupied managing our drillers, store rooms and rope pump finances. I am therefore in the process of setting up robust procedures and resources that can be utilised by our local employees to enable them to run the majority of things independently and accountably (boring I know!).

I have completed building storage structures in our Ifakara store to increase its capacity (see suspiciously posy insert above) and am in the process of modifying our procedures for management in all our stores. We now will have store ledgers, twin item containers (to ensure there is always stock; because when one is empty, an order is made) and individual responsibility with sole access.

I have modified our quality control procedure for pump manufacture. It is now more focused on preventing the causes of many of our minor maintenance issues but more importantly it is now hopefully more easily understandable by the welders employed by our manufacturer, John. I think I am going take it as a compliment that John and his guys have started calling me inspector Cai and John now uses me as a measure/target/joke on jobs unrelated to MSABI.

I am currently having fun with our accounts and learning access but more of that enticing story later (or maybe not).

Badai

Cai

The difference between a Bribe and a Facilitation Fee

I was discussing with a friend some of the many situations I find myself in (on behalf of MSABI) when trying to deal with various government departments or general business operations in Tanzania.  There is a fine line between what we consider right and wrong - and the longer you stay living and working in Africa, and the more you learn the mechanisms of how the machine works - well I think your distinctions of judgement can become blurred or even changed.

A bribe is money or a gift given to someone to change their behavior and perform an act or service that is not part of their legal or authorized activities.  A facilitation fee is a payment made to speed up (or queue jump) the process of a task that is within a persons normal range of authorized activities.  I can tell you that facilitation fees are a normal practice for the majority of organisations/companies working in Tanzania.  It is so common that it is almost impossible now to do business without paying a facilitation fee - you may not be refused service, but you will not get any service delivery.  And for an international company that has people on the ground, costing thousands per day to have idle, well a facilitation fee makes good business sense.

Let me state this clearly.  MSABI has a very black and white policy when it comes to paying money for services.  We follow what in theory is the letter of the law with due process and only pay official fees for services.  However, this is often a very frustrating and slow process.  Government employees will often (in our opinion) deliberately block or stall requests when paid the official rate - even if they have nothing else to do.  Why?  Well facilitation fees are so common that they are expected.  In one view it is seen as compensation for their poor government salary, and if you want service you must pay the person doing that service, as well as the government fee - where as in Australia, say, government salaries are very good.

One example is our ongoing saga for a taxation number for MSABI.  There is actually no fee to acquire a tax number, just some paper work.  We have completed the paper work 3x over now and after 5 months we still do not have our TIN number.  We need the number so that we can be official and receive government rebates for things such as motorbike registrations, and VAT (similar to GST) refunds on all capital purchases.  Now I know for a fact if we were to simply pay a $50 facilitation fee we would have our TIN number within a day!  So what to do???

The easy way is often not the right way

As you know MSABI strongly believes in community contributions for our infrastructure programs.  Ownership and pride over water and sanitation assets, we believe, is key towards sustainable longterm upkeep and longevity of installed assets.  Couple this with a business model where owners are encouraged to sell safe water to their community and you have further incentive to ensure a MSABI water point stays in operation.  Lastly, providing simple, low cost, easy to use and most importantly easy/affordable to repair pump technology is vital to a sustainable model.

A community focused model is not the easiest way for an NGO to operate.  It requires a close relationship with the community - it requires their trust, to know you are providing something of value - that you are not just their to make a profit and run away.  It takes a lot of time and hard work to obtain the trust of a community.  Similarly it takes a lot of time and hard effort for community members to find the capital and resources to afford a new water point or latrine.  We hope that the hard work from both sides will reward us with clean water and improved sanitation for many years - something that we can both can be proud of.

Now let me say this.  There is too much money thrown into Africa.  In large, in my opinion, all of this foreign aid is a virulent cancer that is feeding a culture of dependence and promoting corrupt activities.  Easy money that needs to be spent quickly (so that foreign donors can meet their development contribution commitments) often results in poorly thought-out programs.  It promotes high expat salaries, hefty purchases of non-essential land-cruisers and expensive rents in expat enclaves for house/office complexes - it encourages low-effort high cost policy/review type exercises.  If the money is not spent then the overseas donor may look for a new NGO outlet to give their funds - hence there is motive to spend spend spend - which inflates local prices.  This is so ingrained in Africa that the economy would collapse without the NGO industry - in fact it is the largest contributor to the Tanzanian economy at present.  So some will argue that it is contributing a sustainable industry for Africa - but I question when and how can this drip can/will ever be removed - at what point is it an addictive drug and not a measure used to get someone back on their feet.  My gut feel is it will not end in my lifetime - too many "important" people rely on its existence - which funnily comes back to the issue of sustainability - because this industry is very sustainable funds wise, so should we embrace it?

And as responsible rich first world citizens we are encouraged by large NGO organisations to give our money to the developing world to provide them with their basic needs - their basic rights.  It is our responsibility to support Africa/Asia and provide services.  But to do a good job, an implementing organisation must know the local social context, political structure, and physical environment - and then they must also have the right intentions.  Often this is the part we don't focus on as donors.  Once we donate we assume our money is being spent in the correct way and programs implemented in "best" manner for the recipient communities.  But is it?  Well in my experiences it isn't.  And looking back, I guess that was one of the major drivers for me to start MSABI in the first place - I was disgusted with what I saw in Tanzania and wanted to try and show how things could be done with little monetary input.

Recently, when talking to friends and general people I meet - I feel a change in attitudes towards charitable organisations over say the last 5 years.  I am hearing skepticism, and mistrust on how our donations are being spent.  I checked out annual reports from World Vision (2009) and Plan International (2008).  On face value it appears from the financial report that Australian based fundraising and administration accounts for around 20% of total revenue.  But what they don't report is for money to finally reach a project (at ground level) there are generally 3 tiers of office/admin/fundraising.  For example they report the amount of funds disseminated to each overseas country - and that's it.  However, for example in Tanzania - money from the Australian World Vision office would first go to a national Tanzanian office.  The Tanzanian office would then distribute funds to regional offices for general regional activities.  The regional office would then decide which money is to be used for actual projects.  Now this is where the money really gets lost and eaten up.  But anyway if we are nice and say that the national office center has overheads of 20% and the regional also 20% - then the final money actually available for a project is a disappointing 51% of your donation.  These hidden expenses are not reported and they should be.  Oh, and the salaries of the directors and CEOs of these charitable organisations are not bad - Tim Costello World Vision makes $250,000 /yr, I'm not saying he doesn't deserve it, but its still a lot of money required to drive such an organisation (note total director fees for World Vision in 2009 were $1.1 million).  Others make more: http://www.squidoo.com/child-organizations

In comparison MSABI spends no money on fundraising, and all administration is undertaken at no cost by our team of volunteer staff - who happen to be skilled water engineers, environmental scientists, etc.  We do have expenses for things such as printers, paper, stationary, rent (storage, office), travel (to/from Dar), mobile phone.  These general non-project-specific expenses currently account for 6% of our total spent budget, or 3% of our total revenue.   If we are to grow larger, our approach will be to develop a replicate small-scale model with a strong local business focus.

Another disappointment is that these large NGOs, doing multiple activities, often lack specialists on the ground.  For example, for their water projects - of the many large NGOs I have made contact with in Tanzania, very few (I know of only 1) have water engineers or environmental scientists etc working for their organisation.  Which makes me seriously question their technical capacity as an organisation and the quality of work implemented. So what is the solution to this - well of course farm out the work to a contractor.  And if you don't want to do much work?  Well why not make a relationship with a contractor and do a deal.  (And this example is from my personal experience).  The NGO writes a very very specific tender document (which they charge $50 for you to even get a copy and read it), that basically preselects for one drilling company - eg you must have such and such a drilling truck with specific engine capacity, completed a zillion dollars work last year, be capable to drill 120m deep with a 12" bore etc etc.  In all likelihood the contractor has helped write the tender and paid a upfront kick-back.  Then they win the contract at their exorbitantly high rate - in this case it was US$15,000 per borehole.  Then they go and do the work and drill 5x 30m deep boreholes and don't even bother to put in a concrete sanitary seal to protect the polluted shallow aquifers from the deep clean and safe aquifers.  The guys running the drilling rig are drillers, there are no engineers on-ground.  They charge $65,000 for a days work - probably kick-back $5-10,000 to the NGO staff for winning the contract - and off they go.  And those 5x 30m boreholes could have been drilled by MSABI for $4000, providing 5 weeks worth of employment for 10 local village persons.

Now lets look at another NGO strategy - It would be very easy to install water and sanitation assets for free - very easy.  Literally, we could install hundreds of pumps in one year.  We could promote this and tell the world how great we are and how many people we are serving - and on the surface it would look fantastic!  What would follow would be more funds - probably more money than is needed.  So now we can buy a fancy Land-cruiser, rent a nice big office and continue installing lots of free pumps, pay some big expat wages.  Heck, we will even provide a management training course for each new pump - promoting a sustainable model - perhaps a 1-3 day program.  We could even expand to new areas, for example where MSABI is working.  We would for sure be more successful than MSABI, and probably send their program to extinction - because who would want to pay for something when it is free.  And after we have finished in that area we will move to the next and so on.  The NGO is not around in a years time when pumps start failing or require vital maintenance - and there is no ownership - so nobody is prepared to put their money up to fix even the small problems.  So within 1-3 years the majority of pumps are broken and people are back to drinking water from shallow open wells - and there is millions of dollars worth of assets sitting broken and disused.  Even if the NGO does hang around and provides free maintenance and upkeep on their pumps - well I guess this is sustainable in one sense.  But what is our objective and responsibility as donors?  Is it fair to leave a culture of dependence for future African generations?

My answer is a strong No.  The way forward for Africa is to promote good governance and business activities.  The business mentality exists - and in Tanzania business is thriving - the economy is growing at around 10% per annum for the last 5 years, something we don't hear much about here.  The governance side - well that requires a lot of improvement.  But hey so does Australia's!

So I know many of you already have second thoughts about donating funds to the multitude of charities out there.  And I agree that it is for good reasons.  Please do not blindly donate to the biggest flashiest NGO splashing their name around on TV with heart grabbing advertisements - in my opinion you could be contributing to Africa's problems - not helping.

Note I am discussing development programs and not Aid programs.  Aid is for emergencies such as earthquakes, tsunamis etc.  Mind you I was in Banda Aceh last year.  I was surfing and I stayed in a home stay with a lady named Mama Mami.  Sadly, Mami lost her husband and daughter in the 2004 tsunami.  She explained how the NGOs seemed to have a lot of money - and were having turf wars with each other.  Mami ended up with 4 new houses of varying quality to replace the one house that was wiped out by the tsunami.

This is just me on my high horse - based on my up and down experiences in Tanzania.
Cheers,
Dale.

Update

Im back in Australia and will start work for GHD on the 30th of August.  When I returned I was informed that I recently won an award for engineering.  I was very shocked, but pleased to see that people working in engineering in fields outside of the normal can be recognized and appreciated.  Thanks to Toby Turner for the nomination.  Toby visited the project in Tanzania last year.
http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/divisions/queensland-division/news/article.cfm/?obj_uuid=58EEC92B-7D9E-22F7-9D07-0DC26DDF2D1B 

The MSABI team back in Tanzania is very busy.  They have completed their 70th rope pump installation.  The education team has increased from 2 to 13 persons thanks to the sponsored program from TBL Breweries.  The education team is completing an intensive 2 week training course this week.  Mirco has also been continuing his work with the latrines in Namwawala and reports that he is very positive about the uptake of the compost design and the willingness of the owners to make the necessary behavioral changes so that they function as intended.

More detailed information will follow from the volunteers themselves.

Pottery Update

Bruno is the new pottery manager and he is doing an amazing job so far. He catches on extremely quickly with any design modifications, and then patiently explains and practices them with the older women in the group. He has been very helpful and involved. I think the women also enjoy having him around. Sometimes they even complain they are too old/sick/tired and make him do the work for them! Today this let him set a good example with new techniques, but tomorrow they all have to roll their own clay!

The pot filters are really moving forward this week. We have been making large pots, which will sit into a plastic 20L bucket. This week’s goal is to get the women to produce pots which all have the same height, diameter and wall thickness. We have been getting closer to that goal with the introduction of small plastic buckets as moulds. Unlike the PVC tubes we were using before, the bucket has a lining which clearly marks the filter pot height. We have also had the women form the pot rim with the bucket mould still in place to help the pots keep their form. So this week’s pots are much more standardized than last week’s.

We had an interesting salary discussion with the potters on Friday. They were unhappy with the current payment setup and wanted to discuss it. At first it seemed they wanted more money. However, after further discussion it became clear that it was more important to them that we give them the payments more frequently (at least every two weeks, ideally once per week), than that we increase the price per pot. We found this wish a bit odd, but were happy to comply. So the prices are staying the same for the moment. While they are currently earning very little (TZS 500 ($0.33) for small pots, TZS 1000 ($0.66) for large ones), we are planning to keep the price per pot low to keep the filters very affordable. We are hoping that with the new technique they will be able to make more pots every day, thus increasing their wages while keeping the product cheap.

George has also been a big help with the filter pot project. His background as a professional potter means he has lots of helpful insights. Other times he just comes to sculpt and keep us company.

Pictures at the studio:

Bruno teaches the women how to score the pieces before attaching them.

Bruno, Zai and Angela work together to wrap the slab around a plastic bucket, forming the pot wall.

Bruno rolls out a slab using the small blue pipes as guides to keep the wall thickness even.

George sculpts fun animals to decorate the studio :)

Busy times also with 4 foreign volunteers

So, Dale's gone now, and only us four foreigners here are left in MSABI (Nik, Cai, Alison and me). And still all of us are really busy!

Before Dale left, we took the only group picture with all of us on it, including Hashim (one of our field managers):

Alison, Mirco, Cai, Nik, Dale and Hashim in front of the "MSABI-house"

Last week I was in Namawala for 2 days to start work on the Latrines-evaluation project with Issa (our builder for latrines). We mainly started with some small adjustments that have to be made, but also did a split-compost-latrine to Septic-tank conversion. Which took us a whole day.
And most of the other work that's still to go for is regarding behaviour change, so to make sure people are using the latrines properly and talk with them a lot of times to explain the whole idea! And that will be very time consuming, but definitely interesting, and also good for my Swahili skills practicing :)

Working on the shallow septic tank outflow...

Issa plastering the floor after seat-to-squat replacement

Latrine where we also had to change the seat to a squat toilet. Because people are not used to a toilet seat, the are then standing on top of the seat instead of sitting on it...

Finished squat compost latrine with urine tank in the front.

Today, we started our 2week-training with the upcoming educators, in total we have now 13 people being trained at Mapenduzi school (including the 3 previous educators). They are all very promising and I am sure that they will become a solid base for our education team expansion!
Pictures and more information of the training are upcoming...

Exciting News

Tanzanian Breweries Limited (TBL) - the largest Tanzanian beer producer -  has teamed up with MSABI to support a water for schools and community education program.  In an initial phase project MSABI will drill 10 boreholes and install pumps for local Kilombero District Schools.  Each school will provide materials of bricks, sand, gravel, water.  They will also assist with accommodation and food for the MSABI drill team.  TBL will sponsor the remaining costs.  Further, TBL will sponsor the construction of an MSABI designed and constructed latrine system for a large school, provide funding for a new water quality lab testing machine and sponsorship of 5 MSABI community education teams operating over 5 villages.  We are very happy to have TBL as a partner.  We will be sure to continue our high quality works so that this program can expand to every school in the Kilombero District (>200 schools).
Cheers,
Dale.

Heading Home

Hi Dale here.  The team has been super busy the last few weeks.  In between training and installing 7 new pumps I managed a short trip to Dar to buy supplies.  Tomorrow I head home.  It comes at an exciting period and it would have been really great to stay on for longer - however family and a paying job are calling me back to OZ.  I'm really tired at the moment, I will try and insert some pictures of the last week or so and provide some comments.

Myself, Mirco and Anders visited Namwawala to inspect the pit latrines.  On the way we stopped by the first borehole installation that MSABI did - just over 1 year ago.  Hard to imagine we have completed 65 pump installations since this first job.

Mirco (background) will be managing a 3-month evaluation review of the compost latrines.  It is a challenging project.  A lot of time will be required to work with the owners of these new installations.  Some problems include some users standing over a sit down toilet and some poor drainage issues.

A young girl carries a large bucket of water away from an MSABI open well conversion water point.

In the past two weeks many days have been spent discussing the MSABI project.  I have spent a lot of time providing lessons on my experiences here, plus also we have had many strategic discussions on what we aim for in regards to MSABI's future.  It is great to see everyone actively engaged and taking ownership of the project at such an early stage.  

Pelegria stands next to a larger than life size picture of herself making a clay filter pot.  She is the leader of the women's group that we are working with.  When she saw this poster she couldn't stop laughing and clucking away for about 10 minutes.

Baba Modestus shows Cai the kiln used to fire the filter pots.

When we visited the women's pottery group we had an impromptu performance from a passing women's church choir group.

Introduction meeting with the women's pottery group.  Cai, Alison, Mirco and Nik.

The women's pottery group.  

Mirco and visitor Sally came to look at a recent borehole and pump installation.  This one is donated by Jerome Gill.

Mirco shows that it is possible to pump water without the pump.....the rope and pistons connected in a loop can pump water when pulling the rope in a circuit around the rising main.

Sometimes we work in really ugly places.

MSABI driller Elasto stands infront of his work - Kapolo Secondary School.

Hi, it’s Alison. I’ve been at MSABI for about two weeks now getting oriented on all the projects. I’m here through Engineers Without Borders-UK, along with Cai.

I’ve been working on the Pot Filter Project along with Nik. We have been doing water quality testing with existing pots and while working on new production methods. We are interested in finding trends between filtering ability, flow rates, and the ratio of clay to filler (rice husk or saw dust). So far we have been testing turbidity, but Dale was able to get supplies from Dar, so we are ready to start our fecal coliform tests on Monday. We have also been looking for ways to standardize production. At the moment, even with a template, the pots turn out different shapes and sizes. This has been frustrating. Precision is definitely not the womens’ strong suit, so we have been brainstorming simple ways to enforce uniform wall thickness, diameter, etc.

Every day there is a gaggle of kids who come to watch us do the water quality testing. Mostly they just stare, but sometimes they also help out with the work. Here is a picture of the kids working on grinding the dirt clods down to clay powder. This powder is then put through a sieve and the finest clay is mixed with rice husk or sawdust and water to make the mixture used for the pots.

Hi, this is Nik. I arrived in Ifakara 2 weeks ago and I will be here for the next 5-6 month doing my civil service. Before coming here, I was in Zanzibar for 10 days where I had Kishwahili lectures. During my first days in Ifakara I visited different projects with Mirko, Alison and Cai. Dale gave us a nice introduction about all the different projects we are going to work on in the next month and showed us around in town.
In the coming months, I will focus on setting up a new education program (with Mirco) and on the filterpot project (with Alison).
This week we visited a few presentations held by the 3 educators working for MSABI. They were ok, but we think we should work on a slightly different format and interact more with the audience. Specific problems should be discussed in more detail. We are also going to hire more educators to expand our team. At the beginning of the week, we interviewed the first candidates and we plan to train them in the coming days.
We also started implementing the filter pot production and getting more consistency between pots (see Alison’ s report). Looking forward for the coming weeks!

Project update, outlook

Suddenly we are only three foreign people here in Ifakara working for MSABI. Anders finished his work for the microfinance collaboration with YOSEFO and is flying out of Dar tomorrow. Cay is currently on a 7-days drilling training (organised by SHIPO) in Njombe with Maurus and Haji. And Dale is staying in Dar for some days to do some shopping take care of several issues. But he'll be back by the end of the week to stay with us here for some few last days, before he's leaving in the beginning of August to leave us here on our own...

Meanwhile, work is going very well here in Ifakara. On Saturday, Nik and Alison did some first flow rate and turbidity testing of the existing water filter pots and are helping the potters a lot with their support and new ideas.

Small type of filter pots being tested

Today, we visited the pumps that were installed in the last few days/weeks:

Me with Nik visiting the pump at Kapolo Secondary School, finished last week.

MSABI pump replacing a former open well in Ifakara

At Mwalimu Daula's place in Kiningina, where the pump was installed last week.

At the moment there's no ongoing drilling, but today we just signed a contract with a community in Matonga and one drilling team should be starting work on Wednesday.
And we hope to have interviews for the education staff on Friday, so that we can expand our education program to more villages and provide our services to more people.
I will try to start my 3months-evaluation for the Latrines in Namawala this week, should maybe get there on Wednesday.

Vounteers have arrived

We have a full house.  At the IHI compound team MSABI is the dominant presence at the moment.  We have 6 foreign staff currently working in Ifakara.
Cai arrived last Friday overland from Malawi.  He is on the EWB-UK program and has a strong interest in rope pump technology.  He has lots of information and practical construction information to share with the team.
Mirco returned from Zanzibar from his language course and is adjusting very well to the project and taking on a leadership role.
Alison and Nik arrived together on the bus on Tuesday.  Alison is also on the EWB-UK program and she has specialist skills in international development best practice and environmental engineering.  Nik is on the Swiss National Service program. He has a phd in neuroscience - he is a bit older than the other volunteers - and his experience and level head will help manage the project during his stay.

On Wednesday we spent the day discussing all aspects of the project.  I think we covered most things - sometimes in a chaotic fashion as my mind was jumping around the place from one topic to another.  I have very impressed with the volunteers who have joined us - such a talented bunch of young people passionate about WASH.  I feel this project is going to achieve a lot over the next 6 months.   We now have the resources and energy necessary to focus on individual sub-projects - instead of 1 person covering the whole project - the load is shared amongst 4.

Cai and Alison will look after rope pumps and drilling.
Cai will also assist with the microfinance project and accounts.
Nik and Alison will cover the filter pot project - already they are making some significant improvements
Nik will join with Mirco to work on the expansion of the education program
Mirco will also undertake a 3 month evaluation review and training program of the compost latrines in Namwawala.

I think this is a unique opportunity - MSABI is offering a real working development program that allows not only work experience running a project, but a chance to develop the future path of an NGO.   Certainly if I was in their position I would be excited - heck it would have saved me a lot of time and energy getting to where I am now!

We are having great strategic discussions.  There are no right answers, but plenty of wrong solutions.  We have an idea of where we need to head and will get there through hard work, experimentation, iterations and by sharing knowledge and experiences.

I'm back in Ifakara

I arrived back here in Ifakara this Tuesday after my 2-week language stay on Zanzibar, which helped me to get my Swahili to a basis level, where I can start from. There's a lot of work coming up in the next time, and a lot of changes and new people will get involved in the project. Just today evening there was Cai (from Engineers Without Borders) arriving, others will follow in the next few days..

Yesterday, We did a pump test here in Ifakara at Mr Ngumbata's place:

Today I visited the two drilling sites with Maurus: Kapolo Secondary School and Kinanina. The drilling is going on very well, here some few pictures:

Kapolo Secondary School:



Kinanina:

Kapolo drilling

Akwalina our first female driller shows the boys the way.

Drilling in action at Kapolo, 10km from Ifakara.